Associação ecológica entre fatores socioeconômicos, ocupacionais e de saneamento e a ocorrência de escorpionismo no Brasil, 2007-2019 / Asociación ecológica entre factores socioeconómicos, ocupacionales y de saneamiento y la ocurrencia de escorpionismo en Brasil, 2007-2019 / Ecological association between socioeconomic, occupational and sanitation factors and the occurrence of scorpionism in Brazil, 2007-2019

Objetivo: Analisar associação ecológica entre características socioeconômicas, ocupacionais e de infraestrutura/saneamento com escorpionismo no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo ecológico, com dados dos acidentes escorpiônicos notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (2007-2019). Empregou-se regressão binomial negativa para estimar razões de taxas de incidência (RTI) e intervalos de confiança (IC95%). Resultados: No período, ocorreram 1.079.333 acidentes, com incidência acumulada de 41,5/100 mil habitantes. Na análise ajustada, houve associação com percentual municipal de mulheres (RTI=1,65 - IC95% 1,18;2,30) e homens (RTI=0,90 - IC95% 0,88;0,91) na construção civil, mulheres (RTI=1,21 - IC95% 1,18;1,25) e homens (RTI=0,73 - IC95% 0,69;0,77) no serviço doméstico, mulheres (RTI=1,03 - IC95% 1,02;1,04) e homens (RTI=0,93 - IC95% 0,92;0,93) na agropecuária, domicílios com lixo coletado (RTI=0,99 - IC95% 0,98;0,99) e lixo no entorno (RTI=1,02 - IC95% 1,01;1,02), expectativa de anos de estudo (RTI=0,88 - IC95% 0,83;0,92) e taxa de desocupação (RTI=1,07 - IC95% 1,05;1,09). Conclusão: O escorpionismo associou-se a precária infraestrutura/saneamento, oferta de emprego, educação e ocupação feminina.

Objetivo: Analizar la asociación ecológica entre características socioeconómicas, ocupacionales y sanitarias y el escorpionismo en Brasil. Métodos: Estudio ecológico con datos de accidentes con escorpiones reportados al Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación (2007-2019). Se utilizó la regresión binomial negativa para estimar las razones de las tasas de incidencia (RTI) e intervalos de confianza (IC95%). Resultados: Ocurrieron 1.079.333 accidentes con escorpiones (41,5/100.000 habitantes), 2007-2019. Se encontró asociación con porcentaje municipal de: mujeres (RTI=1,65 - IC95% 1,18;2,30) y hombres (RTI=0,90 - IC95% 0,88;0,91) en la construcción civil, mujeres (RTI=1,21 - IC95% 1,18;1,25) y hombres (RTI=0,73 - IC95% 0,69;0,77) en el servicio doméstico, mujeres (RTI=1,03 - IC95% 1,02;1,04) y hombres (RTI=0,93 - IC95% 0,92;0,93) en la agricultura, hogares con recolección de basura (RTI=0,99 - IC95% 0,98;0,99) y basura en los alrededores (RTI=1,02 - IC95% 1,01;1,02), expectativa en años de estudio (RTI=0,88 - IC95% 0,83;0,92) y tasa de desempleo (RTI=1,07 - IC95% 1,05;1,09). Conclusión: El escorpionismo se asoció con infraestructura/saneamiento precario, oferta de trabajo, educación y ocupación femenina.

Objective: To analyze ecological association between socioeconomic, occupational and sanitation characteristics and scorpionism in Brazil. Methods: This was an ecological study with data on scorpion sting accidents reported on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (2007-2019). Negative binomial regression was used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) and confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: In the study period there were 1,079,333 scorpion sting accidents, with a cumulative incidence rate of 41.5/100,000 inhabitants. In the adjusted analysis, there was association with the municipal percentages of: women (IRR=1.65 - 95%CI 1.18;2.30) and men (IRR=0.90 - 95%CI 0.88;0.91) working in the construction industry, women (IRR=1.21 - 95%CI 1.18;1.25) and men (IRR=0.73 - 95%CI 0.69;0.77) working in domestic service, women (IRR=1.03 - 95%CI 1.02;1.04) and men (IRR=0.93 - 95%CI 0.92;0.93) working in farming, households with refuse collection (IRR=0.99 - 95%CI 0.98;0.99) and households with refuse left nearby (IRR=1.02 - 95%CI 1.01;1.02), expected years of schooling (IRR=0.88 - 95%CI 0.83;0.92), and unemployment rate (IRR=1.07 - 95%CI 1.05;1.09). Conclusion: Scorpionism was associated with precarious infrastructure/sanitation, job availability, education and female occupation.

Acceso a agua potable, protección ambiental y parasitismo intestinal infantil en El Codito. Bogotá, Colombia / Access to drinking water, environmental protection and intestinal parasites in pediatric patients from the neighborhood El Codito in Bogotá, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivos Establecer la relación entre parasitismo intestinal en niños menores de 6 años y vivienda en áreas de protección ambiental, sin servicio de acueducto, en El Codito -Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos Estudio de corte transversal que incluyó 144 niños entre los 4 y 70 meses de edad. Se recolectaron datos sociodemográficos encuestando a los padres y se tomaron muestras fecales de los niños. Se calcularon medidas descriptivas de las variables por tipo de población (parasitada y no parasitada) estableciendo diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Utilizando una regresión logística binomial multivariada se determinó la relación entre parasitismo intestinal y servicio de acueducto, controlando por las demás variables estudiadas. Resultados Se encontró una prevalencia de parasitismo intestinal de 38,9%. La falta de servicio de acueducto estuvo asociada a parasitismo (OR=31,25) ajustando por las demás variables estudiadas. Otras variables asociadas a parasitismo fueron: afiliación al régimen de salud subsidiado al compararla con el contributivo (OR=1,49), presencia de animales en la vivienda (OR=2,58), madres con oficio técnico-profesional al compararlas con madres con oficios no calificados (OR=0,05) y vivienda en habitación rentada al compararla con vivienda propia (OR=6,62). Conclusiones Los niños menores de 6 años viviendo en áreas protegidas sin servicio de acueducto presentaron con mayor frecuencia parasitismo intestinal. Si bien es claro que el establecimiento de áreas protegidas para preservar el medio ambiente es esencial, si no se previene el asentamiento de poblaciones en estos territorios a tiempo, la población que habita en los mismos está sujeta a condiciones adversas que atentan contra la dignidad humana.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To establish the correlation between intestinal parasitism in children younger than 6 years old and their dwelling in environmental protected areas without aqueduct service, in the neighborhood El Codito, in Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was done with 144 children between the ages of 4 and 70 months. Socio-demographic data were collected by surveying parents, and fecal samples were taken from the children to identify parasites. Descriptive measures were calculated for the variables by population type (parasitized and non-parasitized), establishing significant differences. Using a binary multivariate logistic regression, the correlation between intestinal parasitism and aqueduct was determined, adjusting the other studied variables. Results The prevalence of intestinal parasitism was 38.9%. The lack of aqueduct service was associated with intestinal parasitism (OR=31.25) after adjusting for other studied variables, which included affiliation to the subsidized health insurance regime compared with the contributory regime (OR= 1.49), home pets (OR= 2.58), mothers with professional jobs compared to mothers with non-professional jobs (OR=0.05), and dwelling in a rented room when compared with own dwelling (OR= 6.62). Conclusions Children under the age of 6 living in protected areas without water service were more likely to suffer from intestinal parasitism. It is known that preserving protected areas to protect the environment is of great importance, but if the settlement of populations in these territories is not prevented in time, the population living there is subject to adverse conditions which violate human dignity.(AU)

Enfermedades transmitidas por el agua y saneamiento básico en Colombia / Waterborne diseases and basic sanitation in Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la relación de la cobertura de alcantarillado y tratamiento de aguas residuales con el comportamiento de las enfermedades de origen hídrico. Métodos Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de tipo retrospectivo, utilizando fuentes secundarias (revisión documental e información de bases de datos disponibles) sobre el comportamiento de la cobertura en saneamiento básico, tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas en el país y la prevalencia de enfermedades relacionadas con la contaminación hídrica en el periodo 2008 a 2014. Resultados El país ha invertido en la puesta en marcha de sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales del 2011 al primer semestre de 2013, 1.100 millones de dólares, sin embargo la incidencia de enfermedades de origen hídrico como enfermedad diarreica aguda EDA, enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos ETA y fiebre tifoidea y paratifoidea, no han disminuido en el periodo 2008 a 2014, sólo la hepatitis A, ha registrado disminución. Discusión Se reconoce que la inversión en sistemas de acueducto y alcantarillado es relevante para el mejoramiento de las condiciones sanitarias de la población y para la disminución en la incidencia y la prevalencia de diversas alteraciones del estado de salud, sin embargo es necesario atender otros aspectos, tales como la educación en salud y el empoderamiento social, con el fin de avanzar en la creación de capacidades para afrontar esta problemática de manera más eficiente.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the relationship of sewerage coverage and wastewater treatment with waterborne disease behaviour. Methods A descriptive retrospective study was conducted using secondary sources (document review and information available in databases) about basic sanitation coverage, treatment of domestic sewage in the country and the prevalence of waterborne diseases during the period 2008-2014. Results The country invested USD 1,100 million in the implementation of wastewater treatment systems from 2011 until the first half of 2013. However, the incidence of waterborne diseases, such as acute diarrheal disease, foodborne diseases and typhoid and paratyphoid fever did not decrease during the period 2008-2014; only hepatitis A registered a decrease. Discussion Investment in water supply and sewerage systems is relevant to improve health conditions of the population and to reduce the incidence and prevalence of various health conditions; however, it is necessary to address other aspects such as health education and social empowerment to address this problem more efficiently.(AU)

National plan for the elimination of cholera in Haiti 2013-2022: short term plan 2013-2015

In October 2010, a cholera epidemic, like that of the January 12 earthquake, unexpectedly struck our country. The general population was still recovering and bandaged from injuries inflicted by the earthquake. This epidemic brought to light all the weaknesses of the Haitian health system. Lacking expertise and resources to fight major endemic diseases, this new cholera epidemic gave rise to widespread panic. Officials of all categories (political and technical) rapidly realized that they must roll up their sleeves and manage the situation in order to prevent a rampant increase in the number of deaths and allow the population to rebuild their health. Once again the Friends of Haiti did not compete in this struggle. They rallied tohelp bridge the gap, while transferring their knowledge and expertise to Haitian technical staff. Today, with the commitment of the Haitian state, and the support of all partners, the country is taking a second breath. It sees the future differently because cholera, despite its virulence and lethality, is under control and can be eliminated. In this context, on 11 January 2012, Presidents Michel Joseph Martelly of the Republic of Haiti and Lionel Fernandez of the Dominican Republic committed to undertake actions that could lead to the elimination of cholera by 2022. This committment was restated on 9 October 2012 in Santo Domingo by the Ministers of Health of the two countries. This document, prepared by the Ministry of Public Health and Population in collaboration with partners, is designed to provide a sustainable response by addressing the problem of disposing of cholera in three phases: short, medium and long term, and in four areas of action: water and sanitation, epidemiological surveillance, health promotion for behavior change, and care of infected persons in health institutions. Its strict application by everyone will help us achieve the goal to eliminate cholera by 2022.